In cryptography, the one-time pad (OTP) is an encryption algorithm where the plaintext is combined with a random key or “pad” that is as long as the plaintext and used only once. A modular addition is used to combine the plaintext with the pad. (For binary data, the operation XOR amounts to the same thing.) It was invented in 1917 and patented a couple of years later.[citation needed] If the key is truly random, never reused, and kept secret, the one-time pad provides perfect secrecy. It has also been proven that any cipher with perfect secrecy must use keys with the same requirements as OTP keys. The key normally consists of a random stream of numbers, each of which indicates the number of places in the alphabet (or number stream, if the plaintext message is in numerical form) which the corresponding letter or number in the plaintext message should be shifted. For messages in the Latin alphabet, for example, the key will consist of a random string of numbers between 0 and 25; for binary messages the key will consist of a random string of 0s and 1s; and so on.
The “pad” part of the name comes from early implementations where the key material was distributed as a pad of paper, so the top sheet could be easily torn off and destroyed after use. For easy concealment, the pad was sometimes reduced to such a small size that a powerful magnifying glass was required to use it. Photos accessible on the Internet show captured KGB pads that fit in the palm of one’s hand [1], or in a walnut shell. [2]. To increase security, one-time-pads were sometimes printed onto sheets of highly flammable nitrocellulose.
The one-time pad is derived from the Vernam cipher, named after Gilbert Vernam, one of its inventors. Vernam’s system was a cipher that combined a message with a key read from a paper tape loop. In its original form, Vernam’s system was not unbreakable because the key could be reused. One-time use came a little later when Joseph Mauborgne recognized that if the key tape was totally random, cryptanalytic difficulty would be increased.
There is some term ambiguity due to the fact that some authors use the term “Vernam cipher” synonymously for the “one-time-pad”, while others refer to any additive stream cipher as a “Vernam cipher”, including those based on a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG). [3]
Wikipedia
An Internet service provider (ISP, also called Internet access provider or IAP) is a company or business that provides access to the Internet and related services. In the past, most ISPs were run by the phone companies. Now, ISPs can be started by just about any individual or group with sufficient money and expertise. In addition to Internet access via various technologies such as dial-up and digital subscriber line (DSL), they may provide a combination of services including Internet transit, domain name registration and hosting, web hosting, and colocation.
ISP can from your web hosting company, internet services company, telephone company.
All them give you oppurtuniy to surf and do something through internet.
They will create and build up network connection.
All technologies like WIMAX, 3G, Edge, GPRS, broadband and more.
Internet service provider for country is not only one company but many more company will invest in ISP industry if they growth time by time.
I found this CDSS acronym to CLinical decision support system.
Very interesting subject to me.
What is definition?
Clinical (or diagnostic) decision support systems (CDSS) are interactive computer programs, which are designed to assist physicians and other health professionals with decision making tasks. A working definition has been proposed by Dr. Robert Hayward of the Centre for Health Evidence; “Clinical Decision Support systems link health observations with health knowledge to influence health choices by clinicians for improved health care”. This definition has the advantage of simplifying Clinical Decision Support to a functional concept.
The basic components of a CDSS include a dynamic (medical) knowledge base and an inferencing mechanism (usually a set of rules derived from the experts and evidence-based medicine) and implemented through medical logic modules based on a language such as Arden syntax. It could be based on Expert systems or artificial neural networks or both
Wikipedia…
Check this important resources website:
In software engineering, a Web application is an application that is accessed via Web browser over a network such as the Internet or an intranet. It is also a computer software application that is coded in a browser-supported language (such as HTML, JavaScript, Java, etc.) and reliant on a common web browser to render the application executable.
Web applications are popular due to the ubiquity of a client, sometimes called a thin client. The ability to update and maintain Web applications without distributing and installing software on potentially thousands of client computers is a key reason for their popularity. Common Web applications include Webmail, online retail sales, online auctions, wikis, discussion boards, Weblogs, MMORPGs and many other functions.
Our Example:
http://www.salesforce.com/products/
They run software from browser. All is access through internet. No need desktop application.
Comparisons and confusion between WiMAX and Wi-Fi are frequent, possibly because both begin with the same two letters, are based upon IEEE standards beginning with “802.”, and both have a connection to wireless connectivity and the Internet. Despite this, the two standards are aimed at different applications.
* WiMAX is a long-range system, covering many kilometers that typically uses licensed spectrum (although it is also possible to use unlicensed spectrum) to deliver a point-to-point connection to the Internet from an ISP to an end user. Different 802.16 standards provide different types of access, from mobile (similar to data access via a cellphone) to fixed (an alternative to wired access, where the end user’s wireless termination point is fixed in location.)
* Wi-Fi is a shorter range system, typically hundreds of meters, that uses unlicensed spectrum to provide access to a network, typically covering only the network operator’s own property. Typically Wi-Fi is used by an end user to access their own network, which may or may not be connected to the Internet. If WiMAX provides services analogous to a cellphone, Wi-Fi is more analogous to a cordless phone.
* WiMAX and Wi-Fi have quite different Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms. WiMAX uses a mechanism based on setting up connections between the Base Station and the user device. Each connection is based on specific scheduling algorithms, which means that QoS parameters can be guaranteed for each flow. Wi-Fi has introduced a QoS mechanism similar to fixed Ethernet, where packets can receive different priorities based on their tags. This means that QoS is relative between packets/flows, as opposed to guaranteed.
* WiMAX is highly scalable from what are called “femto”-scale remote stations to multi-sector ‘maxi’ scale base that handle complex tasks of management and mobile handoff functions and include MIMO-AAS smart antenna subsystems.
Due to the ease and low cost with which Wi-Fi can be deployed, it is sometimes used to provide Internet access to third parties within a single room or building available to the provider, often informally, and sometimes as part of a business relationship. For example, many coffee shops, hotels, and transportation hubs contain Wi-Fi access points providing access to the Internet for customers.
Wikipedia
We will provide you with new release, shareware, freeware and any software everyday and need use to download.
You can download here as our link:
Tuesday, 22 April 2008
Microsoft has released their Windows XP Service Pack 3 (SP3) yesterday at with the announcement in microsoft forum.
They are also in the final stages of preparing for release to the web on April 29th, via Windows Update and the Microsoft Download Center. Online documentation for Windows XP SP3, such as Microsoft Knowledge Base articles and the Microsoft TechNet Windows XP TechCenter, will be updated then. For customers who use Windows XP at home, Windows XP SP3 Automatic Update distribution for users at home will begin in early summer. From Chris Keroack, Windows XP Service Pack 3 (SP3) Release Manager
How does a liquid mirror telescope work?
Response #: 1 of 1
Author: samuel p bowen
The simplest idea is to rotate a liquid about the central axis and let its
shape change under the rotation. This can give you a shape that could focus
a light ray. The surface would be clean and have no impurities.
What do astronomers use to figure out if an object is a star, planet,
asteroid or comet?
Response #: 1 of 1
Author: asmith
If you just look at an object in the sky once, it could be hard to tell
anything much about them (although astronomers do have techniques called
“spectroscopy” that tell something about what an object is made of). But if
you watch the object for a while, you can see where it is going, trace out
its orbit, see what influence it has on its neighbors, etc., which tells you
much about it: stars hardly move at all; planets move in pretty ordinary
close-to-circular orbits about the sun, while other things can be seen to
orbit around them (which then tells us how massive those planets are) and
asteroids tend to be clustered in the asteroid belt or else to have kind of
elongated orbits, and comets have really wild orbits, and in particular tend
to get close to the sun where they flare up and get bright every once in a while.
What is the distance between the center of the Milky Way and our Sun?
Response #: 1 of 1
Author: hawley
The Milky Way has a radius of about 15 kpc, and the Sun is about 10 kpc from
the center. A “kpc” is a kilo-parsec. One parsec is 3.26 light years or
3.086 x 10^18 cm. I leave the awesome mathematical challenge of converting
to miles (or kilometers) as an exercise for the reader.
Does the Sun have any motion in respect to our solar system, or is it
completely stationary (no spin, etc.) with all of the other planets orbiting
around it?
Response #: 1 of 2
Author: hawley
The Sun not only spins on its axis but also travels around the center of our
galaxy in a big orbit. And our galaxy is moving relative to other galaxies.
Basically, everything is moving.
Response #: 2 of 2
Author: rcwinther
If we neglect the motion of our solar system as a whole, then all of the
bodies in the solar system revolve around the center of mass of the solar
system. The center of mass is an imaginary point that is determined by a
sort of averaging over the whole. The solar system’s center of mass lies
deep within the Sun (because the Sun contains the vast majority of the solar
system’s mass) but not at its center. Hence, the Sun also revolves about
this point; we say that it wobbles (in our case, almost entirely due to
Jupiter’s pull on the Sun). At the moment, looking for this sort of wobble
in other stars is our best bet for inferring the existence of planetary
systems around those stars.
More here : http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/astron98.htm
LovePerhap.com | Love Dating Online World Wide
